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Governments are seeking to improve evidence-based policy making as well as trust in decision-making processes. This report offers a first global mapping of principles for the good governance of evidence in policy making, as well as standards of evidence from a significant range of OECD countries and international research bodies. Reflecting both the nature of existing practices and the various facets that contribute to quality evidence, the report takes stock of the full range of considerations involved in providing evidence across the policy cycle when designing public sector interventions, especially in the social policy area. The report also represents a first step in identifying and developing guidance at the international level in the area of evidence and evaluation.
Ce rapport présente un examen détaillé du traitement fiscal des organismes et dons philanthropiques dans 40 pays membres et partenaires de l'OCDE. Le rapport examine d'abord les divers arguments pour et contre l’octroi d’un traitement fiscal préférentiel à la philanthropie. Il examine ensuite le traitement fiscal des entités et dons philanthropiques dans les 40 pays ayant pris part à l’étude, sous un angle à la fois national et transfrontalier. S'appuyant sur cette analyse, le rapport met enfin en évidence un éventail d'options potentielles de politique fiscale que les pays peuvent envisager.
Latvia sees high rates of obesity, smoking and alcohol consumption. In turn, this results in a high incidence of preventable diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes and many cancers. This puts a burden on a health system which is already operating on a very tight budget as compared to other OECD countries. This OECD report shows that Latvia has many of the policies it needs to address these problems in place. However, Latvia needs to go further to ensure the health system can effectively prevent diseases, not just cure them. This will require redesigning policies to reach a larger population and efforts to educate the population to understand how to protect their health. Better screening programmes are needed, as is a stronger primary care sector, and access to essential medicines for all Latvians.
This report provides examples and recommendations to help overcome obstacles to engage low-skilled workers and their employers in skills development. England has implemented impressive measures aimed at helping workers and employers to upskill. Nonetheless, there remains room for improvement. More can be done to identify workers with low basic skills, raise awareness of why improving those skills is important, increase the accessibility to relevant courses, ensure these courses are flexible enough to accommodate adult learners who are already employed, and finally make the provision relevant to career aspirations.
This report urges England to establish and promote a vision for raising the skills of low-skilled workers, identify their needs more systematically, and provide targeted guidance and information to them and their employers. It highlights that accessible and flexible adult learning opportunities in the workplace, home, community and by other means such as online and distance learning can better meet the varied needs of low-skilled workers. It also makes the case for the use of contextualised learning approaches, which create connections between basic skills and vocational context, and a more effective use of basic skills in workplaces to maintain, develop and realise the benefits of prior skills investments.
L'édition 2020 des Perspectives de l'emploi de l'OCDE se concentre sur la protection des travailleurs et la crise liée au COVID-19. Le chapitre 1 présente une première évaluation des conséquences de l'épidémie de COVID-19 sur le marché du travail et de la crise économique qui en résulte. Il présente également une vue d'ensemble des mesures d'urgence mises en œuvre par les pays de l'OCDE en matière de marché du travail et de politique sociale et examine les orientations à suivre pour poursuivre l'adaptation des politiques à mesure que les pays lèvent les mesures de confinement. Le chapitre 2 étudie l'inégalité d'accès aux allocations chômage pour les travailleurs occupant des emplois à temps partiel et peu stables, qui accentue souvent les difficultés auxquelles ils sont confrontés en temps de crise, et examine le difficile équilibre entre les incitations au travail et la sécurité des revenus. Le chapitre 3 propose un examen comparatif de la législation sur la protection de l'emploi (LPE) dans les pays de l'OCDE en développant une nouvelle version des indicateurs de la LPE de l'OCDE, qui comprennent désormais une meilleure évaluation de la réglementation en matière de licenciements collectifs et de licenciements abusifs, ainsi que des questions liées à la mise en application de la réglementation. Le chapitre 4 jette un regard neuf sur la polarisation des emplois, et en particulier sur l'éviction des emplois dans les professions moyennement qualifiées. Enfin, le chapitre 5 examine l'évolution des performances sur le marché du travail des diplômés de l'enseignement professionnel, de l'éducation et de la formation de niveau intermédiaire, dont les perspectives sur le marché du travail sont remises en question par la contraction des emplois dans les professions moyennement qualifiées.
The 2020 edition of the OECD Pensions Outlook examines a series of policy options to help governments improve the sustainability and resilience of pension systems. It considers how to ensure that policy makers balance the trade-off between the short-term and long-term consequences of policy responses to COVID-19; how to determine and assess the adequacy of retirement income; how funded pension arrangements can support individuals in non-standard forms of work to save for retirement; how to select default investment strategies; how to address the potential negative consequences from frequent switching of investment strategies; and, how retirement income arrangements can share both the investment and longevity risks among different stakeholders in a sustainable manner. This edition also discusses how governments can communicate in a way that helps people choose their optimal investment strategies.
The OECD Digital Economy Outlook 2020 examines trends and analyses emerging opportunities and challenges in the digital economy. It highlights how OECD countries and partner economies are taking advantage of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and the Internet to meet their public policy objectives. Through comparative evidence, it informs policy makers of regulatory practices and policy options to help maximise the potential of the digital economy as a driver for innovation and inclusive growth.
This third edition of the OECD Digital Economy Outlook provides a holistic overview of converging trends, policy developments and data on both the supply and demand sides of the digital economy. It illustrates how the digital transformation is affecting economies and societies. Finally, it provides a special focus on how the COVID-19 pandemic is amplifying opportunities and challenges from the digital transformation.
This sixth edition of Health at a Glance Asia/Pacific presents a set of key indicators of health status, the determinants of health, health care resources and utilisation, health care expenditure and financing and quality of care across 27 Asia-Pacific countries and territories. It also provides a series of dashboards to compare performance across countries and territories, and a thematic analysis on the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on Asia/Pacific health systems. Drawing on a wide range of data sources, it builds on the format used in previous editions of Health at a Glance, and gives readers a better understanding of the factors that affect the health of populations and the performance of health systems in these countries and territories. Each of the indicators is presented in a user-friendly format, consisting of charts illustrating variations across countries and territories and over time, brief descriptive analyses highlighting the major findings conveyed by the data, and a methodological box on the definition of the indicators and any limitations in data comparability. An annex provides additional information on the demographic and economic context in which health systems operate.
This report provides a detailed review of the tax treatment of philanthropic entities and philanthropic giving in 40 OECD member and participating countries. The report first examines the various arguments for and against the provision of preferential tax treatment for philanthropy. It then reviews the tax treatment of philanthropic entities and giving in the 40 participating countries, in both a domestic and cross-border context. Drawing on this analysis, the report then highlights a range of potential tax policy options for countries to consider.
The impact of COVID-19 on local jobs and workers dwarfs those of the 2008 global financial crisis. The 2020 edition of Job Creation and Local Economic Development considers the short-term impacts on local labour markets as well as the longer-term implications for local development. Chapter 1 explores the immediate local employment impacts of the crisis, the divides within and across local labour markets even prior to the pandemic, and the likely diverging recovery patterns. Chapter 2 considers the underlying trends that COVID-19 will accelerate (digitalisation, the automation of jobs and polarisation of skill profiles; a transition to greener jobs) or slow down (reconfigured global supply chains, concentration of the high skilled in largest cities). Chapter 3 explores local action in the recovery. It highlights the strategies to strengthen local employment services and training providers to meet the increased demand for job placement and skills upgrading, particularly for the most disadvantaged workers (youth, low-skilled, women) or business development to serve the hardest hit firms and sectors (tourism, culture, hospitality). It also considers strategies and tools to “rebuild better” by rethinking local development futures, taking advantage of the changing geography of jobs due to remote working or other opportunities such as the social economy. Individual country profiles are available online.
This review provides policy recommendations on how to improve the Czech pension system, building on the OECD’s best practices in pension design. It details the Czech pension system and identifies its strengths and weaknesses based on cross-country comparisons. The Czech pension system consists of a mandatory pay-as-you-go public scheme and a voluntary private scheme. The public defined-benefit scheme has two main components: a contribution-based basic pension and an earnings-related pension. The review also describes the first layer of old-age social protection in the Czech Republic. The OECD Reviews of Pension Systems: Czech Republic is the sixth in the pension review series.
The 2020 edition of Health at a Glance: Europe focuses on the impact of the COVID‑19 crisis. Chapter 1 provides an initial assessment of the resilience of European health systems to the COVID-19 pandemic and their ability to contain and respond to the worst pandemic in the past century. Chapter 2 reviews the huge health and welfare burden of air pollution as another major public health issue in European countries, and highlights the need for sustained efforts to reduce air pollution to mitigate its impact on health and mortality. The five other chapters provide an overview of key indicators of health and health systems across the 27 EU member states, 5 EU candidate countries, 3 European Free Trade Association countries and the United Kingdom. Health at a Glance: Europe is the first step in the State of Health in the EU cycle.
في الوقت الذي تتطلع فيه العديد من بلدان منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال إفريقيا إلى تسريع وتيرة النمو الاقتصادي وبناء مجتمعات أكثر استقرارًا وانفتاحًا، يشير هذا التقرير إلى أن المزيد من التمكين الاقتصادي للمرأة هو أحد المفاتيح لتحقيق ذلك. كما يؤكد أنه على الرغم من التحديات التي تواجه بعض البلدان لضمان المساواة للمرأة في الوصول إلى الفرص الاقتصادية، فإن التقدم يحدث حاليًا ويمكن تعزيزه بشكل أكبر من خلال تدابير سياساتية موجهة ومنسقة وشاملة للجميع. وبالبناء على استنتاجات تقرير رصد أول صدر في عام 2017، يحلل هذا التقرير الإصلاحات التشريعية والسياساتية والمؤسسية التي أجريت مؤخرًا لدعم التمكين الاقتصادي للمرأة في مصر والأردن والمغرب وتونس، كما يسعى إلى تحديد عوامل النجاح التي ساعدت على ترسيخ الإصلاح. وعلاوة على ذلك، يقدم التقرير أمثلة لتدابير قابلة للتنفيذ وأدوات عملية لمساعدة صانعي السياسات على تحويل السياسات إلى إجراءات وتدابير فعالة من أجل تحقيق التمكين الاقتصادي للمرأة.
At a moment when many countries of the MENA region are looking to accelerate economic growth and build more stable, open societies, this report argues that greater women’s economic empowerment holds one of the keys. It asserts that despite challenges some countries are facing in guaranteeing women equal access to economic opportunity, progress is underway and can be further nurtured through targeted, inclusive and coordinated policy actions. Building on the conclusions of a first monitoring report released in 2017, the report analyses recent legislative, policy and institutional reforms in support of women’s economic empowerment in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia and seeks to identify success factors that have helped anchor reform. Moreover, it delivers actionable examples and practical tools for policy makers to help them transform policies into effective actions for women’s economic empowerment.
À l’heure où de nombreux pays de la région MENA cherchent à accélérer leur croissance économique et à construire des sociétés plus stables et plus ouvertes, ce rapport soutient qu’une plus grande autonomisation économique des femmes est l’une des clés pour atteindre ce double objectif. Il affirme qu’en dépit des difficultés rencontrées par certains pays pour garantir aux femmes un accès égal aux opportunités économiques, des progrès sont en cours et peuvent être renforcés par des actions politiques ciblées, inclusives et coordonnées. S’appuyant sur les conclusions d’un premier rapport de suivi publié en 2017, le présent rapport analyse les réformes législatives, politiques et institutionnelles récentes en faveur de l’autonomisation économique des femmes en Égypte, en Jordanie, au Maroc et en Tunisie et cherche à identifier les facteurs de réussite qui ont contribué à ancrer ces réformes. Il fournit par ailleurs des exemples concrets et des outils pratiques à l’intention des décideurs politiques pour les aider à transformer les politiques publiques en actions efficaces pour l’autonomisation économique des femmes.
Global transformations – from population ageing to digitalisation, rising inequalities and climate change – have created profound uncertainties for young people and future generations, despite unprecedented access to information, education and technology. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated pre-existing challenges in youth’s mental well-being and employment, while raising concerns about the sustainability of public finances.
This report provides the first comparative assessment of the policies, laws, institutional capacities and governance tools put in place by 42 national governments and the European Union to promote youth empowerment and intergenerational justice. It sets benchmarks for cross-country comparisons in three main areas: 1) Supporting youth’s transition to an autonomous life, 2) Enhancing youth’s participation and representation in public life as well as trust in government, and 3) Delivering fair policy outcomes for all generations. Finally, it provides practical insights for policy makers, civil society and young people seeking to build a present and future that leaves no generation behind.
Das BIP ist zwar der bekannteste und gebräuchlichste Wirtschaftsindikator, es kann aber nicht über alle relevanten Aspekte der wirtschaftlichen Leistung und des sozialen Fortschritts Auskunft geben. Dieser Band zeigt, dass das BIP als alleiniger Maßstab für die wirtschaftliche Leistung irreführend ist: Es ist der Fokussierung auf diese Kennzahl zuzuschreiben, dass die Politikverantwortlichen die Krise von 2008 nicht kommen sahen und ihre wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Folgen nicht richtig beurteilten. Die Co-Vorsitzenden der der OECD angegliederten Hochrangigen Sachverständigengruppe zur Messung von wirtschaftlicher Leistung und sozialem Fortschritt – Joseph E. Stiglitz, Jean-Paul Fitoussi und Martine Durand – argumentieren, dass wir Indikatoren-Dashboards entwickeln müssen, die abbilden, was wirklich zählt: Wer vom Wachstum profitiert, ob dieses Wachstum ökologisch nachhaltig ist, wie die Menschen ihr Leben empfinden und welche Faktoren für den Erfolg eines Menschen oder eines Landes ausschlaggebend sind. Diese Dashboards werden den Politikverantwortlichen helfen, die richtigen Entscheidungen für die Bevölkerung, das Land und die Welt zu treffen. Die Publikation beleuchtet darüber hinaus auch die Fortschritte, die in den letzten zehn Jahren im Hinblick auf die Erhebung von Daten zu Wohlstand und Lebensqualität und ihre Berücksichtigung bei der Politikgestaltung erzielt wurden. In einem Begleitband – For Good Measure: Advancing Research on Well-being Metrics Beyond GDP – präsentieren einige Mitglieder der Hochrangigen Sachverständigengruppe gemeinsam mit Co-Autoren, bei denen es sich um führende Wirtschaftswissenschaftler, Politikwissenschaftler, Psychologen und Statistiker handelt, ihre neuesten Forschungsergebnisse in ausgewählten Teilbereichen der umfassenden Agenda zur Definition und Messung von Wohlstand.
L'édition 2020 des Perspectives des migrations internationales analyse les évolutions récentes des mouvements et des politiques migratoires dans les pays de l'OCDE et dans quelques pays non-OCDE et observe l'évolution de la situation des immigrés sur le marché du travail dans les pays de l'OCDE. Le rapport comprend également un chapitre spécial sur l'impact de la migration sur la composition structurelle de l'économie. Le rapport comprend comme chaque année des notes par pays et une annexe statistique.
The 2020 edition of International Migration Outlook analyses recent developments in migration movements and policies in OECD countries and some non-member countries, and looks at the evolution of the labour market outcomes of immigrants in OECD countries. It includes a special chapter on the impact of migration on the structural composition of the economy. It also includes country notes and a statistical annex.
For many OECD countries, how to ensure the safe and dignified return to their origin countries of migrants who do not have grounds to remain is a key question. Alongside removal, return and reintegration assistance have become an integral part of the response. Development cooperation is expanding its activity to support the capacity of countries of origin to reintegrate all returning migrants.
Sustainable Reintegration of Returning Migrants: A Better Homecoming reports the results of a multi-country peer review project carried out by the OECD, with support from the German Corporation for International Cooperation (GIZ) on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). It examines factors that can help improve the sustainability of reintegration at the individual level and at the programme level in countries of destination and origin. The report examines how casework and community-based programmes can increase uptake and improve outcomes. It identifies key elements of an effective individual reintegration programme, including outreach and counselling, case management and referral, and partnerships. The report makes proposals about how to improve programme design, evaluation, and monitoring, indicating areas where countries could co-operate more in implementation of programmes and in coordination with origin countries.