Browse by: "2020"

La OCDE se apoya en 60 años de experiencia para ayudar a los gobiernos a desarrollar políticas que aseguren una vida mejor a los ciudadanos de todo el mundo. El objetivo de la Organización es elaborar políticas que promuevan la prosperidad, la sostenibilidad, la inclusión y el bienestar para todos. Este folleto, creado con motivo del 60 aniversario de la creación de la OCDE, muestra el camino recorrido y aquello en lo que la Organización se ha convertido a día de hoy.

Para más información sobre el 60 aniversario de la OCDE puede visitar https://www.oecd.org/60-years/.

The OECD draws on 60 years of experience to help governments develop policies that will ensure better lives for people around the world. The goal of the Organisation is to shape policies that foster prosperity, sustainability, inclusiveness and well-being for all. This brochure, created for the 60th anniversary of the creation of the OECD, shows the journey travelled and what the organisation has become today.

For more information about the 60th anniversary of the OECD you can visit https://www.oecd.org/60-years.

This report provides examples and recommendations to help overcome obstacles to engage low-skilled workers and their employers in skills development. England has implemented impressive measures aimed at helping workers and employers to upskill. Nonetheless, there remains room for improvement. More can be done to identify workers with low basic skills, raise awareness of why improving those skills is important, increase the accessibility to relevant courses, ensure these courses are flexible enough to accommodate adult learners who are already employed, and finally make the provision relevant to career aspirations.

This report urges England to establish and promote a vision for raising the skills of low-skilled workers, identify their needs more systematically, and provide targeted guidance and information to them and their employers. It highlights that accessible and flexible adult learning opportunities in the workplace, home, community and by other means such as online and distance learning can better meet the varied needs of low-skilled workers. It also makes the case for the use of contextualised learning approaches, which create connections between basic skills and vocational context, and a more effective use of basic skills in workplaces to maintain, develop and realise the benefits of prior skills investments.

Die Corona-Pandemie wirft einen langen Schatten auf die Weltwirtschaft. Die Aussichten sind daher sehr unsicher. Dieser OECD-Wirtschaftsausblick analysiert die Auswirkungen der Corona-Pandemie auf die Wirtschaft und liefert Projektionen zu gesamtwirtschaftlicher Produktion, Beschäftigung, Preisentwicklung, Haushaltssalden und Leistungsbilanzen.

Die deutschsprachige Kurzausgabe enthält eine Gesamtbeurteilung der Wirtschaftslage, ein Themenpapier zur Insolvenz- und Überschuldungsproblematik im Kontext der Corona-Krise sowie ein Kapitel, in dem die Entwicklungen und Projektionen für einige ausgewählte OECD-Mitgliedsländer und Partnerländer zusammengefasst sind.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused severe human suffering and triggered a deep recession in Brazil. Economic policies reacted in a timely and decisive manner to the crisis, supporting millions of Brazilians. But a strong and inclusive recovery from the recession will require long-lasting improvements in economic policies. Improving fiscal outcomes remains one of Brazil’s principal challenges given a high debt burden, to which the pandemic has added significantly. Public spending will need to become more efficient, including by building on past progress in the fight against corruption and economic crimes. Social protection can be strengthened through a better focus on the most effective policies and benefits, which could allow significant reductions in inequality and poverty. Stronger growth will hinge on raising productivity, which has been virtually stagnant for decades. This requires addressing underlying policy challenges, including reducing regulatory burdens, reforming taxes, strengthening judicial efficiency and fostering a stronger integration into the global economy. Raising productivity implies reallocations and structural changes in the economy, which should be accompanied by well-designed training and education policies. Training with a strong focus on local skill demand can help workers master the transition and seize new opportunities to move into better jobs.

SPECIAL FEATURES: BOOSTING PRODUCTIVITY; SKILLS POLICIES TO FACILITATE STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT

The COVID-19 pandemic has plunged Finland into a deep recession, albeit less severe than in most other OECD countries. Finland managed to bring the first wave of the coronavirus under control quickly through a combination of voluntary mobility reductions and timely containment measures and is on track to do the same for the second wave. Nevertheless, many people have been laid off and the budgetary costs of supporting household- and business incomes have been considerable. Once the recovery is underway, substantial consolidation measures will be needed to achieve the government’s objective of eliminating the structural budget deficit by the end of the decade. Closing routes to early retirement would make a large contribution to achieving this objective.

SPECIAL FEATURE: RAISING EMPLOYMENT

Die deutsche Wirtschaft ist 2020 aufgrund der Corona-Pandemie in eine tiefe Rezession geraten. Durch entschlossenes staatliches Handeln gelang es, die Kapazitäten des Gesundheitssystems zu stärken und zugleich Arbeitsplätze und Unternehmen zu schützen. Im Rahmen der Krisenantwort wurden auch die Investitionen zur Bewältigung der strukturellen Herausforderungen aufgestockt, die sich aus der Energiewende und der digitalen Transformation ergeben. Es muss aber noch mehr getan werden, um den Investitionsstau im Infrastrukturbereich aufzulösen. Die Emissionsbepreisung im Verkehrs- und Wärmesektor wird helfen, die Treibhausgasemissionen zu reduzieren. Allerdings sind weitere Schritte erforderlich, um die gesetzten Ziele zu erreichen. Die Bundesregierung hat bei der Beseitigung einiger zentraler Hindernisse für die Digitalisierung erhebliche Fortschritte erzielt. Sie kann aber noch mehr tun, um die Vorteile der digitalen Transformation voll auszuschöpfen. Technologieverbreitung und Produktivität lassen sich steigern, wenn es gelingt, Engpässe in der Internetversorgung zu beseitigen, Anreize für Investitionen in Wissenskapital zu setzen und die Unternehmensdynamik in der Erholungsphase zu unterstützen. Dazu gilt es, den Bürokratieaufwand zu reduzieren, den Zugang zu Finanzmitteln zu erleichtern und die Digitalisierung der öffentlichen Verwaltung zu beschleunigen. Damit alle in der digitalen Welt erfolgreich sein können, sollte „informatisches Denken“ zudem schon früher gefördert werden. Außerdem sollten mehr Fortbildungen für Lehrkräfte angeboten werden, um einen effektiven Einsatz digitaler Technologien in den Schulen sicherzustellen.

SCHWERPUNKTTHEMA: DIE VORTEILE DER DIGITALEN TRANSFORMATION VOLL AUSSCHÖPFEN

The German economy entered a deep recession in 2020 due to the coronavirus pandemic. A strong government response has reinforced health system capacity while protecting jobs and firms. The response to the crisis has included increases in investment to meet structural challenges from the energy transition and digital transformation. Further public investment is needed to resolve the infrastructure backlog, along with steps to remove delivery bottlenecks. Emissions pricing in transport and heating will help reduce greenhouse gas emissions, though further steps will be needed to meet targets. The German government has made good progress in addressing some key barriers to digital transformation, but can do more to unleash its full benefits. Alleviating connectivity bottlenecks, incentivising investment in knowledge-based capital and supporting business dynamism during the recovery by reducing administrative burden, facilitating access to financing, and accelerating progress towards digital government can boost technology diffusion and productivity. To empower everyone to thrive in digital environments, computational thinking should be introduced earlier and training for teachers increased to ensure effective use of digital technologies in schools.

SPECIAL FEATURE: UNLEASHING THE BENEFITS OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION

COVID-19 has hit the Polish society and its economy hard, even if to a lesser extent than other European countries. Employment has declined and public debt has increased abruptly, which will make it more challenging to solve long-term issues, such as the low productivity of some workers, weak environmental outcomes and rising ageing costs. Ensuring longer working lives in good health will be key to secure the pension system’s sustainability. To boost the recovery and sustain the pre-crisis growth in living standards, Poland needs to invest in greener infrastructure, additional healthcare capacity and better skills. Easing the reallocation of firms and workers would facilitate shifts in the economic structure induced by the current crisis and raise productivity. Finally boosting the capacity of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to innovate would help them to export more and adapt to a rapidly changing international environment.

SPECIAL FEATURE: BOOSTING SMEs’ INTERNATIONALISATION

After a long period of impressive convergence to the OECD average incomes, the Czech Republic is now battling the social and economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. The economy contracted due to strict containment measures, but the authorities extended generous support to maintain incomes, employment and liquidity. The economic recovery is expected to be gradual. The crisis heightens the need to continue addressing long-term challenges with disappointing productivity growth, low labour participation of mothers, pressures due to population ageing and high energy and carbon dependence. Sustainable growth will raise living standards and help restore fiscal and monetary policy space. In addition, despite overall low inequality, there is considerable regional variation in incomes and poverty, and the gaps have grown over time. The Czech Republic suffers from a highly fragmented subnational government with the highest number of municipalities per head in the OECD. The resulting lack of capacity at the local level impacts the quality of public services and impedes the uptake of effective development projects.

SPECIAL FEATURE: ENHANCING ADMINISTRATIVE AND FISCAL DECENTRALISATION

La pandémie de COVID-19 laissera de longues traces dans toutes les économies du monde, et les incertitudes qui entourent les perspectives économiques restent très élevées. La présente édition des Perspectives économiques de l’OCDE analyse les impacts de la pandémie du COVID-19 sur l’économie et propose un ensemble de projections concernant la production, l’emploi, les prix et balances des opérations courantes et budgétaires.

Cette édition comporte une évaluation générale de la situation macroéconomique, une série de notes de réflexion axées sur les défis politiques actuels liés à la pandémie de COVID-19 et un chapitre résumant les tendances économiques et fournissant des projections par pays. Tous les pays membres de l’OCDE y sont examinés, ainsi que certaines économies non membres.

The COVID-19 pandemic will cast a long shadow over the world’s economies and the economic outlook is very uncertain. This issue of the OECD Economic Outlook analyses the impacts of COVID-19 on the economy and puts forward projections for output, employment, prices, fiscal and current account balances.

This issue includes a general assessment of the macroeconomic situation, a series of notes on the current policy challenges related to the COVID-19 pandemic and a chapter summarising developments and providing projections for each individual country. Coverage is provided for all OECD members as well as for selected partner economies.

Lithuania’s economy is performing strongly and converging fast towards the most-developed OECD countries, driven by growing exports and investments and supported by a sound macroeconomic framework as well as a friendly business climate. For the first time since renewed independence, more people are settling in the country than leaving it. The peak of the COVID-19 crisis was one of the mildest in Europe, thanks to a well-functioning health system, effective containment measures and a relatively short lockdown. Yet prosperity is unevenly distributed across people and places. Further reform could help sustain achievements to date. Providing adequate income support for the needy, especially the elderly, and high quality social services, while improving integration into the labour market, could help reduce poverty. Stronger local and regional institutions, better education and skills particularly in rural areas and a more flexible housing market could make regional development more balanced. Finally, strengthening the regulatory framework, reducing the scope of state-owned enterprises and moving towards a low-carbon economy will help raise productivity while ensuring resilient and sustainable growth.

SPECIAL FEATURES: REDUCING POVERTY; FOSTERING REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT