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Coal remains a major component of global fuel supplies, accounting for 27% of all energy used worldwide and making up 38% of electricity generation. It plays a crucial role in industries such as iron and steel. But concerns about air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions cloud the future of coal. Coal 2018: Analysis and Forecasts to 2023 addresses these key questions and more:
- Do China’s policies to limit urban coal use to ramp up natural gas and renewables mean it is abandoning coal?
- Will the push for renewables in India lead to a peak in Indian coal demand?
- How significant will the growth in coal demand be in other parts of developing Asia?
- How likely is it that coal demand will continue to decline in the United States and Europe? Will this trend spread to other parts of the world?
- Will robust demand and high prices for seaborne coal lead to new investment in coal mining?
This year’s annual IEA coal market report also presents recent trends and the IEA’s
five-year forecasts for global coal supply, demand, and trade.
Целью данной публикации является первое систематическое и комплексное описание энергетических субсидий в странах Восточного партнерства (ВП), которое должно привести к большей прозрачности в данном вопросе и послужит надежной аналитической базой для обоснования необходимости реформ в этих странах (в исследование включены: Армения, Азербайджан, Беларусь, Грузия, Молдова и Украина). Основываясь на стандартной методологии ОЭСР, в исследовании представлена количественная оценка государственной поддержки производства и потребления угля, нефти и нефтепродуктов, природного газа, а также электрической и тепловой энергии, производимой на основе этих видов ископаемого топлива. Также кратко рассмотрены меры поддержки энергоэффективности и возобновляемых источников энергии. Кроме того, обсуждаются вопросы налогообложения и ценообразования в энергетическом секторе, лежащие в основе анализа энергетических субсидий.
Эта публикация была подготовлена в рамках проекта «Экологизация экономики стран Восточного партнерства» (EaP GREEN) при поддержке Европейского Союза и координации с правительствами стран ВП и партнерами из системы ООН: Европейской экономической комиссией ООН (ЕЭК ООН), Программой ООН по окружающей среде и Организацией ООН по промышленному развитию (ЮНИДО).
Infrastructure worldwide has suffered from chronic under-investment for decades and currently makes up more than 60% of greenhouse gas emissions. A deep transformation of existing infrastructure systems is needed for both climate and development, one that includes systemic conceptual and behavioural changes in the ways in which we manage and govern our societies and economies. This report is a joint effort by the OECD, UN Environment and the World Bank Group, supported by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. It focuses on how governments can move beyond the current incremental approach to climate action and more effectively align financial flows with climate and development priorities. The report explores six key transformative areas that will be critical to align financial flows with low-emission and resilient societies (planning, innovation, public budgeting, financial systems, development finance, and cities) and looks at how rapid socio-economic and technological developments, such as digitalisation, can open new pathways to low-emission, resilient futures.
This report assesses the key bottlenecks within the water-energy-land-food nexus in Korea, and proposes policy recommendations and governance arrangements to future-proof environmental integrity and enhance sustainable growth. The increasing pressure caused by urbanisation, industrialisation, population growth and climate change in Korea has led to more land consumption and augmented water supply, at the expense of the environment and at a high cost for public finance. Korea has engaged with the OECD via a national policy dialogue to explore best practices from the wider international community to better manage the nexus at the river basin scale.
This publication examines the risks associated with the release of excessive nitrogen into the environment (climate change, depletion of the ozone layer, air pollution, water pollution, loss of biodiversity, deterioration of soil quality). The report also examines the uncertainty associated with the ability of nitrogen to move from one ecosystem to another and cause "cascading effects". In addition to better management of nitrogen risks at the local level, there is a need to consider the global risks associated with the continued increase in nitrous oxide concentrations and to prevent excess nitrogen in all its forms by developing cost-effective strategies for all its sources. Other than the reduction of nitrogen pollution, this report provides guidance on the use of nitrogen policy instruments and how to ensure coherence with objectives such as food security, energy security and environmental objectives.
What do today’s energy policies, policy ambitions and technology trends tell us about the future? Is the world getting closer or is it moving away from meeting energy-related sustainable development goals?
Drawing on the latest data on energy markets and technology trends, this year’s World Energy Outlook – the gold standard of long-term energy analysis – provides detailed analyses of these fundamental issues to 2040, covering all fuels, technologies and regions.
Electricity is the special focus of the 2018 edition. The share of electricity in global energy use is growing while the rise of low-carbon technologies is prompting a major transformation in the way electricity is generated. What might tomorrow’s power sector look like? How can it ensure reliable supply while reducing emissions?
WEO-2018 also asks what can be done to reduce the environmental footprint of the world’s oil and gas supply.
Thailand’s power sector policy focuses on reducing dependence on natural gas to enhance energy security. With the dramatic reduction in the costs of variable renewable energy (VRE) – solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind power – Thailand is beginning to experience the transformation of its power sector. Conventional power generation is beginning to give way to new alternative sources and generation is moving from centralised to distributed forms.
Thailand has the highest share of VRE in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region. Given the unique characteristics of VRE, which are variable and partly unpredictable, there are concerns over the potential operational, economic, and regulatory impacts when integrating VRE into the power sector. Thus, the dynamics shaping the energy policy landscape in Thailand must evolve to accommodate the growth of VRE.
Thailand Renewable Grid Integration Assessment undertakes a comprehensive analysis covering the technical, economic, and policy and regulatory frameworks. The analysis comprises the following important areas: 1) the existing VRE penetration context in Thailand, 2) grid integration of VRE in Thailand’s future power system, 3) the technical potential and economic impact of distributed solar PV on stakeholders, and 4) the power sector planning process and system costs. The study provides recommendations to guide decision making in power sector operation and planning, investment, and policy to support the uptake of VRE in a reliable and costeffective manner in order to achieve the objectives of Thailand’s power sector policies.
Today’s natural gas markets are being reshaped by major emerging liquefied natural gas (LNG) buyers, led by the People’s Republic of China and the rising production and exports from the United States. This transformation, driven by growing markets and supplied by fast-changing LNG trade, brings its share of security-related challenges as was highlighted by China’s supply shortfall over the last winter.
Supply flexibility remains a key prerequisite to ensuring continued global gas trade development and security. Yet priorities in terms of flexibility differ between long-term traditional buyers, who seek the removal of destination clauses, and new emerging buyers more focused on procuring short-term supply, usually for prompt delivery.
The International Energy Agency’s third edition of the Global Gas Security Review provides an in-depth analysis of recent security-related issues and lessons learned.
The report shows the most recent trends in LNG flexibility, based on a detailed assessment of contractual data. It examines the impact of the growing role of emerging LNG buyers and of the development of market liquidity on trade and new contracts. And, this year, it includes a special focus on short-term LNG deliverability as well as shipping fleet availability, two important factors in assessing gas security of supply around the world.
Since 2016, the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) in-depth country policy reviews focus on key energy security challenges in fast-changing global energy markets as well as on the transition to clean-energy systems. This latest update on Finland’s energy policies therefore offers insights into three special focus areas – bioenergy, transportation, and combined heat and power (CHP) production.
With abundant forest resources, Finland is a global leader in developing second-generation biofuels. This report examines the impacts of greater biofuel use on sustainability and the country’s carbon sink, and it offers perspectives for Finland’s potential for innovation in heavy duty, aviation and maritime transport.
The country has aligned its climate and energy policies within a robust policy framework and set ambitious climate targets for 2030, such as cutting oil consumption in half and achieving 30% of renewables in transport by 2030. As the power sector is largely decarbonised, transport is a key sector for the country’s ambitious national climate targets.
Finland has been a leader among IEA countries in public and private spending on energy research, development and demonstration. A longer-term policy framework for 2050 will be pivotal to guide investments in clean energy technology innovation, a critical factor for reaching decarbonisation goals.
The report looks at the challenges Finland faces and provides recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
The nuclear energy sector employs a considerable workforce around the world, and with nuclear power projected to grow in countries with increasing electricity demand, corresponding jobs in the nuclear power sector will also grow. Using the most available macroeconomic model to determine total employment – the “input/output” model – the Nuclear Energy Agency and International Atomic Energy Agency collaborated to measure direct, indirect and induced employment from the nuclear power sector in a national economy. The results indicate that direct employment during site preparation and construction of a single unit 1 000 megawatt-electric advanced light water reactor at any point in time for 10 years is approximately 1 200 professional and construction staff, or about 12 000 labour years. For 50 years of operation, approximately 600 administrative, operation and maintenance, and permanently contracted staff are employed annually, or about 30 000 labour years. For up to 10 years of decommissioning, about 500 people are employed annually, or around 5 000 labour years. Finally, over an approximate period of 40 years, close to 80 employees are managing nuclear waste, totalling around 3 000 labour years. A total of about 50 000 direct labour-years per gigawatt. Direct expenditures on these employees and equipment generate approximately the same number of indirect employment, or about 50 000 labour years; and direct and indirect expenditures generate about the same number of induced employment, or 100 000 labour years. Total employment in the nuclear power sector of a given national economy is therefore roughly 200 000 labour years over the life cycle of a gigawatt of nuclear generating capacity.
CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion provides a full analysis of emissions stemming from energy use. The data in this book cover the emissions of CO2 for 150 countries and regions by sector and by fuel. The publication contains estimates of CO2 emissions, selected indicators such as CO2/GDP, CO2/capita and CO2/TPES and a decomposition of CO2 emissions into driving factors for more than 150 countries and regions.
Emissions are calculated using IEA energy databases and the default methods and emission factors from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The IEA CO2 emissions estimates are complemented by the EDGAR greenhouse gas data.
Energy Efficiency 2018, the sixth edition in the IEA Market Report Series, is the global tracker of trends and indicators in energy efficiency and an invaluable resource for energy efficiency policy makers and market actors. This year’s report provides a special feature in the form of a new World Energy Outlook Efficient World Scenario, which answers the question: What would happen if policy makers realised all the economically viable potential for energy efficiency that is available with existing technologies? This Efficient World Scenario and historic data are used to examine the following questions:
- What is the current rate of global progress on improving energy efficiency?
- What opportunities are available to scale up global efforts on energy efficiency to 2040?
- What multiple benefits does energy efficiency deliver, and how might these grow in future?
- What are the current energy efficiency trends in the transport, buildings, and industry sectors?
- What are current levels of investment in energy efficiency and by how much does investment need to increase in future to realise the opportunity of the Efficient World Scenario?
- What innovations in energy efficiency finance and business models could be expanded to drive greater levels of energy efficiency investment?
The report also presents a detailed analysis of energy efficiency trends and drivers in the six major emerging economies of Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico and South Africa.
Energy Efficiency 2018 presents the most comprehensive analysis of current and future energy efficiency trends ever produced by the International Energy Agency, and its insights offer direct pointers to policy makers as to what policy solutions are available to deliver the economic, environmental and social benefits of energy systems that are as efficient as possible.
Цей звіт являє собою цільове дослідження успішного досвіду кредитування сталої енергетики в Україні. Перед тим, як розглянути у подробицях роль та спроможності банківського сектора, у роботі аналізується макроекономічний та політичний контекст для "зелених" інвестицій в Україні. Це дослідження є частиною більш масштабного проекту ОЕСР щодо розширення доступу до приватного фінансування для "зелених" інвестицій у країнах Східного партнерства ЄС і є продовженням регіонального аналізу, здійсненого у 2015 році.
Ця робота є частиною Програми "Екологізація економіки в країнах Східного партнерства Європейського Союзу", метою якої є надання сприяння шести країнам Східного партнерства у їх просуванні в напрямку екологічної економіки шляхом очищення економічного зростання від погіршення екологічної ситуації та виснаження природних ресурсів.
Switzerland has the lowest carbon intensity among all IEA countries, owing largely to the carbon free electricity sector that is dominated by nuclear and hydro generation. However, following the 2017 decision of the Swiss people to gradually phase out nuclear power, Switzerland’s energy sector is now undergoing a considerable transition.
Filling the gap left by nuclear power closures while maintaining low carbon generation and high standards of supply security will be one of the challenges that Switzerland has to address in its long-term energy strategy. The country’s Energy Strategy 2050 maps the way towards a low-carbon economy in which higher energy efficiency and renewable energy sources replace nuclear energy.
In this context, the latest IEA review of Switzerland’s energy policies focuses on two areas that are critical to guiding it towards a more secure and sustainable energy future: the design of the electricity market and the climate policy for the post-2020 period.
The new energy strategy will require opening the Swiss electricity market and full integration into the European electricity market to meet future energy needs. The IEA encourages the Swiss government to bring ongoing negotiations with the European Union on an electricity agreement to a successful outcome.
Switzerland’s carbon dioxide levy on stationary fuels and its automatic upward adjustment have proven highly effective in shifting energy demand from oil towards gas and renewable energy sources. However, more needs to be done to limit emissions from transport.
Petrochemical products are everywhere and are integral to modern societies. They include plastics, fertilisers, packaging, clothing, digital devices, medical equipment, detergents, tires and many others. They are also found in many parts of the modern energy system, including solar panels, wind turbine blades, batteries, thermal insulation for buildings, and electric vehicle parts.
The Future of Petrochemicals takes a close look at the consequences of growing demand for these products, and what we can do to accelerate a clean energy transition for the petrochemical industry.
The electricity sector remains the brightest spot for renewables with the exponential growth of solar photovoltaics and wind in recent years, and building on the significant contribution of hydropower generation. But, electricity accounts for only a fifth of global energy consumption, and the role of renewables in the transportation and heating sectors remains critical to the energy transition. This is why Renewables 2018, the annual IEA market analysis and forecast on renewable energy, takes an in-depth look at bioenergy, the largest source of renewable energy globally. Often overlooked, the contribution of sustainable bioenergy represents a “blind spot” in the global debate about renewables. Bioenergy makes a significant contribution across the energy system, particularly in the heat and transport sectors.
In addition to looking at renewable energy across the entire energy system, Renewables 2018 provides a detailed market analysis and overview of renewables in the electricity, heat and transport sectors as well as forecasts for the period between 2018 and 2023. The report also highlights policy and market improvements that can unlock further growth of renewable energy in electricity and transport biofuels, as well as underlines the untapped potential of sustainable bioenergy and other renewable sources in greening the industry and transport sectors. For the first time, Renewables 2018 also includes a chapter dedicated to answering some of the key questions raised by the latest developments in renewable energy markets.
2018 marks the 21st edition of Key World Energy Statistics (KWES) – the annual booklet of the IEA’s most used statistics.
Key World Energy Statistics contains timely, clearly presented data on the supply, transformation and consumption of all major energy sources for the main regions of the world, in addition to energy indicators, energy balances, prices, RDD and CO2 emissions as well as energy forecasts.
Key World Energy Statistics is also available as an app for all major mobile devices.
World Energy Balances provides comprehensive energy balances for all the world’s largest energy producing and consuming countries. It contains detailed data on the supply and consumption of energy for 150 countries and regions, including all OECD countries, over 100 other key energy producing and consuming countries, as well as world totals and various regional aggregates. The book includes graphs and detailed data by country for all energy sources – coal, gas, oil, electricity, renewables and waste - expressed in balance format. Alongside this, there are summary time series on production, trade, final consumption by sector, as well as key energy and economic indicators and an overview of trends in global energy production and use.
More detailed data in original units are published in the companion publication World Energy Statistics.
Oil Information is a comprehensive reference book on current developments in oil supply and demand. This publ ication contains key data on world production, t rade, prices and consumption of major oil product groups, with time series back to the early 1970s.
Its core consists of a detailed and comprehensive picture of oil supply, demand, trade, production and consumption by end-user for each OECD country individually and for the OECD regions. Trade data are reported extensively by origin and destination.
Oil Information is one of a series of annual IEA statistical publications on major energy sources; other reports are Coal Information, Electricity Information, Natural Gas Information and Renewables Information.
Natural Gas Information is a detailed reference work on gas supply and demand covering OECD countries and the rest of the world. The publication contains essential information on LNG and pipeline trade, gas reserves, storage capacity and prices.
The main part of the book concentrates on OECD countries, showing a detailed supply and demand balance for each country and for the three OECD regions: Americas, Asia-Oceania and Europe, as well as a breakdown of gas consumption by end user. Import and export data are reported by source and destination.
Natural Gas Information is one of a series of annual IEA statistical publications on major energy sources; other reports are Coal Information, Electricity Information, Oil Information and Renewables Information.