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Este estudio se realizó a solicitud de las autoridades mexicanas para revisar la política de educación superior en México como una contribución al nuevo gobierno que tomaría posesión de la administración nacional a partir del 1 de diciembre de 2018. Dicha revisión, efectuada por la secretaría de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE), en cooperación con tres peritos internacionales, hace un balance del estado del sector de la educación superior en México así como de las políticas públicas clave implementadas por los gobiernos federal y estatales. Dicho balance reporta los avances en la materia desde la última revisión realizada por la propia OCDE en el año 2008.
La OCDE examina las estructuras administrativas nacionales y de cooperación para ofrecer guías al sistema de educación superior en aspectos como la relevancia de las estrategias nacionales existentes, el financiamiento público para las instituciones, la regulación y el aseguramiento externo de la calidad, la equidad social y la innovación de los modelos educativos. Las recomendaciones clave están relacionadas con necesidades como: determinar las responsabilidades sobre las políticas de educación superior y su gestión entre niveles de gobierno; desarrollar una interpretación más responsable de la autonomía universitaria; diseñar y aplicar mecanismos más transparentes y sostenibles del financiamiento público; fortalecer la regulación de la oferta educativa del sector privado al ampliar la cobertura del aseguramiento externo de la calidad en todo el sistema, así como mejorar las medidas públicas para apoyar la equidad (acceso y finalización exitosa). Con los resultados aquí expuestos se tiene el propósito de ofrecer información útil para el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo del nuevo gobierno y su Programa de Educación Sectorial correspondiente.
Este informe complementa además otro proyecto más específico titulado Educación superior en México. Resultados y relevancia para el mercado laboral.
Skills are the key to shaping a better future. Skills are central to the capacity of countries and people to thrive in an increasingly interconnected and rapidly changing world. Megatrends such as globalisation, technological advance and demographic change are reshaping work and society, generating a growing demand for higher levels of skills, as well as new sets of skills.
OECD Skills Strategy projects provide a strategic and comprehensive approach to assess countries’ skills challenges and opportunities, and build more effective skills systems. The OECD works collaboratively with countries to develop policy responses that are tailored to each country’s specific skills needs. The foundation of this approach is the OECD Skills Strategy framework, which allows for an exploration of what countries can do better to i) develop relevant skills over the life course, ii) use skills effectively in work and in society, and iii) strengthen the governance of the skills system.
This report OECD Skills Strategy Latvia: Assessment and Recommendations identifies opportunities and makes recommendations to strengthen the skills outcomes of students, foster a culture of lifelong learning, reduce skills imbalances in the labour market, and strengthen the governance of the skills system.
Le Programme international de l’OCDE pour le suivi des acquis des élèves (PISA) analyse les connaissances des élèves en compréhension de l’écrit, en mathématiques et en sciences ainsi que leur capacité à utiliser ces connaissances. Cette évaluation internationale des acquis des élèves est à ce jour la plus complète et la plus ri-goureuse qui soit. Les résultats de l’enquête PISA révèlent la qualité et l’équité de l’apprentissage à travers le monde, et donnent aux professionnels de l’éducation et aux responsables politiques la possibilité de découvrir les politiques et pratiques d’autres pays et de s’en inspirer. Ce volume est le premier des six qui présentent les résultats de l’évaluation PISA de 2018, la septième édition de cette enquête triennale. Le Volume I, Savoirs et savoir-faire des élèves, examine de manière approfondie la performance des élèves en compréhension de l’écrit, en mathématiques et en sciences, et décrit l’évolution de leur performance depuis les évaluations PISA précédentes.
Georgia has made remarkable progress in expanding education access and improving education quality. Nevertheless, the majority of children in Georgia leave school without mastering the basic competencies for life and work. Moreover, students’ background is becoming a greater influence on their achievement. This review, developed in partnership with UNICEF, provides Georgia with recommendations to strengthen its evaluation and assessment system to focus on helping students learn. It will be of interest to countries that wish to strengthen their own evaluation and assessment systems and, in turn, improve educational outcomes.
The German vocational education and training (VET) system is admired around the world for its ability to prepare young people for skilled employment. In Germany, VET smooths transitions into work and is closely aligned with labour market demand. This report focuses on an unprecedented test of the German VET system: how to respond to the significant increase in migrants who arrived in the country in 2015-16. The study explores both the opportunities and the challenges presented by migration. Germany has already devoted significant attention to VET as a mechanism for enabling integration – and for good reason. Work-based learning assists integration because it demonstrably gives learners skills that employers want in real-world settings. The report assesses the barriers faced by learners in their journeys into and through VET, exploring how such challenges can be addressed. In addition, the study looks at system-wide issues in relation to how VET provision and integration policy is governed. Lastly, it explores opportunities for increased flexibility in the German VET system of relevance to all youth at risk of not succeeding in VET. In responding to migrant needs, German VET can become more inclusive without reducing quality.
El número de estudiantes de educación superior en México se duplicó en la década pasada y cada año más de medio millón de egresados de este nivel se incorporan al mercado laboral. Encontrar empleo adecuado es difícil y un gran número de jóvenes egresados universitarios trabajan en puestos para los cuales están sobrecalificados o consiguen empleos sin seguridad social ni cobertura de pensión. México no es el único país en esta situación. En muchas naciones de la OCDE, los resultados de la educación superior, menores a lo esperado, son una desilusión para los graduados y sus familias, quienes desearían obtener empleos de buena calidad y con buenos ingresos como respuesta a su inversión formativa. La baja rentabilidad es también una preocupación para los gobiernos, que gastan en el desarrollo de competencias para impulsar la productividad y la innovación a escalas nacional y regional. Para responder a estas inquietudes, la OCDE ha emprendido un análisis exhaustivo de los resultados y la relevancia de los sistemas de educación superior para el mercado laboral. El objetivo es ayudar a los países a mejorar las políticas públicas y las prácticas institucionales mediante un conocimiento más amplio de las capacidades y los obstáculos existentes, y las recomendaciones que ayuden a cerrar esas brechas. México fue una de las primeras naciones en sumarse a este ejercicio, junto con Noruega y Estados Unidos de América.
Skills are the key to shaping a better future. Skills are central to the capacity of countries and people to thrive in an increasingly interconnected and rapidly changing world. Megatrends such as globalisation, technological advance and demographic change are reshaping work and society, generating a growing demand for higher levels of skills, as well as new sets of skills.
OECD Skills Strategy projects provide a strategic and comprehensive approach to assess countries’ skills challenges and opportunities, and build more effective skills systems. The OECD works collaboratively with countries to develop policy responses that are tailored to each country’s specific skills needs. The foundation of this approach is the OECD Skills Strategy framework, which allows for an exploration of what countries can do better to i) develop relevant skills over the life course, ii) use skills effectively in work and in society, and iii) strengthen the governance of the skills system.
This report, OECD Skills Strategy Poland: Assessment and Recommendations, identifies opportunities and recommends actions to make the education system more reponsive to labour market needs, foster participation in adult learning, increase the use of skills in workplaces and strengthen the governance of the skills system in Poland.
The staff working in schools are the most important resource for today’s education systems, both educationally and financially. This report aims to provide guidance for the design of human resource policies that strengthen, recognise and preserve the positive impact that teachers, school leaders and other school staff have on their students. It offers an in-depth analysis of how human resource policies can make the best use of available resources to create supportive working environments and build both individual and collective professional capacity in schools. This includes the design of entry requirements, career structures, salary schedules and working time arrangements to attract, retain and motivate high-quality staff; the effective and equitable matching of staff with schools through fair and transparent staff funding and recruitment; and informed investments in professional learning, from initial preparation to continuing development. Throughout its analysis, the report looks at implementation challenges and considers under which conditions human resource policy reforms are most likely to have the desired effects on schools and their staff. This report is the third in a series of thematic comparative reports bringing together findings from the OECD School Resources Review.
The Missing Entrepreneurs 2019 is the fifth edition in a series of biennial reports that examine how public policies at national, regional and local levels can support job creation, economic growth and social inclusion by overcoming obstacles to business start-ups and self-employment by people from disadvantaged or under-represented groups in entrepreneurship. It shows that there is substantial potential to combat unemployment and increase labour market participation by facilitating business creation in populations such as women, youth, the unemployed, and immigrants. However, the specific problems they face need to be recognised and addressed with effective and efficient policy measures. The 2019 edition contains two thematic policy chapters on the potential of digital entrepreneurship for making entrepreneurship more inclusive and increasing the scale-up potential of start-ups by entrepreneurs from disadvantaged groups. These thematic chapters discuss current policy issues and present the range of policy actions currently used in EU and OECD countries. The chapters also offer policy advice to national, regional and local policy makers. Finally, the report contains country profiles that highlight recent trends in entrepreneurship by women, youth, seniors and immigrants, key policy issues and recent policy actions in each of the 28 EU Member States.
Universities’ entrepreneurship and innovative practices are burgeoning all over Italy. Some of these practices resonate at the international level while others have a local impact. Italian higher education faces some important challenges and actions need to be taken to unleash its full potential. Promoting the entrepreneurial and innovation agenda can help Italy improve the overall performance of the higher education system, and of individual universities, in all regions. The government has started providing a strategic support to engagement, which could catalyse Italy’s innovation capacity, human capital endowment, and well-being.
This review illustrates policy actions promoting the entrepreneurial and innovative activities in the Italian Higher Education System, and focuses on 11 case study universities. It discusses strategies and practices adopted by Italian higher education institutions to innovate, engage, and generate value for the society and the economy. This review is part of a series of national reports implementing the HEinnovate framework. HEinnovate is a guiding framework that the OECD and the European Commission have developed to promote the “entrepreneurial and innovation agenda” in higher education.
The OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) examines what students know in reading, mathematics and science, and what they can do with what they know. It provides the most comprehensive and rigorous international assessment of student learning outcomes to date. Results from PISA indicate the quality and equity of learning outcomes attained around the world, and allow educators and policy makers to learn from the policies and practices applied in other countries. This is one of six volumes that present the results of the PISA 2018 survey, the seventh round of the triennial assessment. Volume I, What Students Know and Can Do, provides a detailed examination of student performance in reading, mathematics and science, and describes how performance has changed since previous PISA assessments.
The OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) examines what students know in reading, mathematics and science, and what they can do with what they know. It provides the most comprehensive and rigorous international assessment of student learning outcomes to date. Results from PISA indicate the quality and equity of learning outcomes attained around the world, and allow educators and policy makers to learn from the policies and practices applied in other countries. This is one of six volumes that present the results of the PISA 2018 survey, the seventh round of the triennial assessment. Volume II, Where All Students Can Succeed, examines gender differences in student performance, and the links between students’ socio-economic status and immigrant background, on the one hand, and student performance and well-being, on the other.
PISA – die Internationale Schulleistungsstudie der OECD – untersucht, was Schülerinnen und Schüler in den Bereichen Lesekompetenz, Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften wissen und wie gut sie dieses Wissen anwenden können. Sie ist die bisher umfassendste und genaueste internationale Erhebung der Lernergebnisse von Schülerinnen und Schülern. Die PISA-Ergebnisse geben Aufschluss über Bildungsqualität und Bildungsgerechtigkeit weltweit und gestatten es Pädagogen und politisch Verantwortlichen, aus der Politik und Praxis anderer Länder zu lernen. Dies ist der erste der sechs Bände, in denen die Ergebnisse von PISA 2018, der siebten Runde dieser im Dreijahresturnus durchgeführten Erhebung, vorgestellt werden.
Band I, Was Schülerinnen und Schüler wissen und können, enthält eine eingehende Analyse der Schülerleistungen in den Bereichen Lesekompetenz, Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften. Außerdem wird erörtert, wie sich diese Leistungen im Vergleich zu früheren PISA-Erhebungen verändert haben.
The OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) examines what students know in reading, mathematics and science, and what they can do with what they know. It provides the most comprehensive and rigorous international assessment of student learning outcomes to date. Results from PISA indicate the quality and equity of learning outcomes attained around the world, and allow educators and policy makers to learn from the policies and practices applied in other countries. This is one of six volumes that present the results of the PISA 2018 survey, the seventh round of the triennial assessment. Volume III, What School Life Means for Students’ Lives, focuses on the physical and emotional health of students, the role of teachers and parents in shaping the school climate, and the social life at school. The volume also examines indicators of student well-being, and how these are related to the school climate.
This edition of the Reader’s Companion accompanies Skills Matter: Additional Results from the Survey of Adult Skills that reports the results from the 39 countries and regions that participated in the 3 rounds of data collection in the first cycle of PIAAC, with a particular focus on the 6 countries that participated in the third round of the study (Ecuador, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Peru and the United States). It describes the design and methodology of the survey and its relationship to other international assessments of young students and adults.
The Survey of Adult Skills, a product of the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), was designed to provide insights into the availability of some key skills in society and how they are used at work and at home. The first survey of its kind, it directly measures proficiency in several information-processing skills – namely literacy, numeracy and problem solving in technology-rich environments.
In the wake of the technological revolution that began in the last decades of the 20th century, labour-market demand for information-processing and other high-level cognitive and interpersonal skills have been growing substantially. Based on the results from the 33 countries and regions that participated in the 1st and 2nd round of the Survey of Adult Skills in 2011-12 and in 2014-15, this report describes adults’ proficiency in three information-processing skills, and examines how proficiency is related to labour-market and social outcomes. It also places special emphasis on the results from the 3rd and final round of the first cycle of PIAAC in 2017-18, which included 6 countries (Ecuador, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Peru and the United States). The Survey of Adult Skills, a product of the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), was designed to provide insights into the availability of some of these key skills in society and how they are used at work and at home. The first survey of its kind, it directly measures proficiency in three information-processing skills: literacy, numeracy and problem-solving in technology-rich environments.
The Austrian higher education system has consistently recognised the need to become more entrepreneurial and innovative with a view to supporting the economic, social and cultural development of the country and its regions. Over the past decades, the government has been implementing a broad reform agenda to provide strategic funding, diversify higher education institutions (HEIs) and promote an allocation of students that improves the quality of services and empowers them vis à vis the future of work and society.
This review illustrates policy actions promoting the development of entrepreneurial and innovative activities in the Higher Education System and individual HEIs. In addition, based on information gathered during study visits, the review discusses strategies and practices adopted by Austrian HEIs to innovate, engage, and generate value for their own ecosystems and networks. The review is part of a series of national reports implementing the HEinnovate framework. HEinnovate is a holistic framework that the OECD and the European Commission have developed to promote the “entrepreneurial and innovation agenda” in higher education.
A rise in non-standard work in many countries and an increased fragmentation of worker careers have created new challenges for training policies at a time when structural transformation is creating a need for both re- and up-skilling. Individual learning accounts have received renewed attention from policy makers, due to their ability to make training rights “portable” from one job or employment status to another.
This report examines past and existing individual learning accounts and other individual schemes to finance training, based on a review of the existing literature as well as six new case studies commissioned by the OECD: The Upper Austrian Bildungskonto, the French Compte Personnel de Formation, the Scottish Individual Learning Accounts/Individual Training Accounts, the Singapore SkillsFuture Credit, the Tuscan Carta ILA, and the Individual Training Accounts in Michigan and Washington in the United States. The report takes stock of these experiences and identifies the advantages and disadvantages of such schemes, as well as the key trade-offs and questions to consider in designing a successful scheme, including targeting, funding, participation of under-represented groups and quality issues.
In einer Zeit, in der strukturelle Veränderungen Umschulungen und Höherqualifizierungen notwendig machen, steht die Weiterbildungspolitik aufgrund der in vielen Ländern beobachteten Zunahme atypischer Beschäftigungsformen und der stärkeren Fragmentierung beruflicher Laufbahnen vor neuen Herausforderungen. Individuelle Weiterbildungskonten stoßen bei den Politikverantwortlichen derzeit erneut auf Interesse, da sie die Möglichkeit bieten, Weiterbildungsansprüche von einem Arbeitsplatz oder Erwerbsstatus auf einen anderen zu übertragen.
Dieser Bericht untersucht frühere und bestehende individuelle Weiterbildungskonten und andere individuelle Programme zur Finanzierung weiterführenden Lernens und stützt sich dabei auf die vorhandene Fachliteratur sowie auf sechs neue Fallstudien, die von der OECD in Auftrag gegeben wurden: das oberösterreichische Bildungskonto, das französische Compte Personnel de Formation, die schottischen Individual Learning Accounts/Individual Training Accounts, der singapurische SkillsFuture Credit, die toskanische Carta ILA und die Individual Training Accounts in Michigan und Washington in den Vereinigten Staaten. Der Bericht beschreibt die mit diesen Programmen gemachten Erfahrungen, benennt ihre Vor- und Nachteile sowie die wichtigsten Zielkonflikte und Fragen, die es bei der Konzeption eines erfolgreichen Programms zu beachten gilt, insbesondere Zielgruppenorientierung, Finanzierung, Beteiligung unterrepräsentierter Gruppen und Qualität.
OECD Reviews of Digital Transformation: Going Digital in Colombia analyses recent developments of the digital economy in the country, reviews policies related to digitalisation and makes recommendations to increase policy coherence in this area. The report examines recent developments in infrastructures for the digital economy, telecom markets and related regulations and policies in Colombia. It reviews trends in the use of digital technologies by individuals, businesses and the government, and examines policies to foster diffusion. The report also examines opportunities and challenges raised by digitalisation for production, innovation, jobs and skills.
The report reconsiders these policies in relation to their coherence among different domains and in order to foster synergies across government ministries, levels and institutions, based on the integrated policy framework of the OECD's Going Digital: Making the Transformation Work for Growth and Well-being project.