Since the last Environmental Performance Review in 2002, Japan has made steady progress in addressing a range of traditional environmental problems, notably air and water pollution, and the management of chemicals and waste. The energy intensity of the economy has continued to decrease, particularly in the industrial sector, and is among the lowest in OECD countries. Material intensity has also decreased. At the same time, several more complex, long-term challenges have come to the fore: climate change, sound waste and materials management, and biodiversity conservation. In 2007, Japan adopted the “Strategy for a Sustainable Society in the 21st Century” that presents Japan’s vision for responding to these challenges. The Strategy has a strong international dimension, reflecting Japan’s traditional proactive and constructive role in international environmental co-operation.