The current trends in greenhouse gas emissions represent a major challenge for Japan. A wide range of voluntary, regulatory and economic measures has been put in place to reduce these emissions. Technological progress and negotiated agreements are distinctive features of this policy mix. Local authorities and the private sector play an important, often innovative, role in designing and implementing climate policy. Energy, transport and climate policies are generally mutually supportive, with a focus on energy efficiency, renewable energy sources, infrastructure development and R&D. Japan is a world leader in climate-related R&D. Co-operation with developing countries and adaptation to climate change are receiving growing attention.

Over the last decade, Japan has shifted from a waste management policy to an integrated waste and material management approach that promotes dematerialisation and resource efficiency. Landfill shortage and dependency on natural resources imports have been key drivers of these changes. This chapter analyses progress achieved in building a sound material-cycle society based on the 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle). With international movement of recyclables developing rapidly, loopholes have appeared in Japan’s advanced recycling system. This chapter examines steps taken to promote and spread the 3Rs strategy in Asia, and to prevent illegal transboundary movements of waste.

Nature conservation is identified as a priority in Japan, and is one of the three pillars of the 2007 Sustainable Society Strategy. However, biodiversity loss is increasing and greater efforts are needed to converge with good practices in other OECD countries. This chapter examines the management of biodiversity in protected areas and activities outside protected areas that affect species and their habitats, in particular agriculture, forestry and fisheries.