Browse by: "2018"

Si l’on reconnaît aujourd’hui unanimement les bénéfices des services d’éducation et d’accueil des jeunes enfants (EAJE) sur le plan de l’apprentissage, l’élargissement et l’accessibilité de l’offre de ce type de services aident aussi à renforcer l’égalité entre les sexes sur le marché du travail. L’accessibilité, l’intensité, la fiabilité et le prix abordable des services d’EAJE jouent en particulier un rôle essentiel dans la participation des femmes au marché du travail à temps plein. L’EAJE fait l’objet d’une attention accrue de la part des décideurs ces dernières décennies, mais d’importantes variations persistent entre les pays et le coût de ces services reste un obstacle à l’accès à l’emploi rémunéré pour les familles défavorisées et les parents isolés, principalement les mères. Davantage d’efforts doivent être consentis pour accroître l’offre et l’accessibilité de services gratuits d’EAJE, en particulier pour les enfants de moins de 3 ans.

Si le débat politique porte souvent sur la profession enseignante dans son ensemble, les enseignants du primaire et du premier cycle du secondaire diffèrent toutefois à bien des égards. Tous les pays requièrant au minimum un diplôme de licence pour accéder à la profession d’enseignant dans l’enseignement primaire ou le premier cycle de l’enseignement secondaire, mais la structure et le contenu des programmes de formation initiale varient et sont moins axés sur la pratique dans l’enseignement secondaire que dans l’enseignement primaire. Les enseignants du primaire consacrent en moyenne 10 % de plus de leur temps de travail à l’enseignement, mais la taille des classes est légèrement inférieure à ce niveau d’enseignement. Enfin, dans plus de la moitié des pays, le salaire des enseignants du primaire est moins compétitif que celui de leurs homologues du premier cycle du secondaire. L’amélioration de l’attractivité et de l’efficacité de la profession enseignante passe nécessairement par la reconnaissance de ces différences ainsi que la mise en oeuvre de politiques différenciées et à même de répondre aux défis propres à chacun de ces niveaux d’enseignement.

Malgré les bénéfices manifestes tirés de l’éducation, les pouvoirs publics sont confrontés à des arbitrages difficiles pour trouver le juste équilibre dans la répartition des parts publique et privée du financement de l’éducation. La compréhension des modalités de financement des dépenses privées (par le biais de transferts publics ou de fonds privés) peut faire la différence dans l’élargissement de l’accès à l’éducation et permettre de mieux appréhender l’évolution au fil du temps du financement du coût de l’éducation entre sources publiques et privées.

Dans tous les pays de l’OCDE disposant de données, la prévalence de la dépression déclarée est plus faible chez les individus plus instruits. Elle est en outre plus élevée chez les femmes que chez les hommes, mais diminue plus fortement sous l’effet de l’élévation du niveau de formation chez les premières que chez les seconds. L’emploi est associé à une moindre prévalence de la dépression déclarée, en particulier chez les adultes moins instruits. Au vu de l’apparition des troubles mentaux dès l’enfance ou l’adolescence, ces résultats soulignent le rôle essentiel que jouent les systèmes d’éducation en veillant à permettre à tous les élèves de mener leur scolarité à terme et de réussir leur transition vers le marché du travail.

This paper explores the impact of test-taking conditions on the quality of the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) assessment. Interviewers record information about the room of assessment and interruptions that occurred during each interview. These observations, along with information on interviewer assignment size and a careful look at interviewer effects, provide insights into the quality of the assessment. This working paper first describes the variations in test-taking conditions among participating countries. Second, it examines interviewer assignment sizes and the frequency of interruptions, finding that both vary markedly among countries (contrary to the room of assessment). The paper then looks at the relationship between these variations and response rates and engagement measures. While neither the room of assessment nor the recorded interruptions impact quality differences among countries, interviewer assignment size and interviewer effects may have a mild impact on results.

This paper presents a policy framework intended to maximize the benefits of dockless bike share through outcome-oriented system planning that includes monitoring and enforcement of regulations. Operational shortfalls of dockless bike share are categorised and several policy options for each category proposed. Finally, the paper identifies lessons and best practices from the rollout of dockless bike share systems around the world.

New teachers entering the profession are said to bring with them enthusiasm, idealism and recent training – a promising combination for innovative teaching. However, these early career teachers are also commonly portrayed as professionals facing exceptional challenges, with fragile identities who leave the career in high proportions. Can these new teachers help schools to innovate while trying to perform as effective teachers during their initial years? This paper argues that the difficulties most early career teachers encounter, which have largely remained unchanged over the last 50 years, are embedded characteristics of the teaching profession. Further, it discusses the importance of the first five years of the teacher career in acquiring critical professional skills, and highlights the importance of context over experience per se. The paper concludes by making the case that these first five years could work as a residency for early career teachers – similar to that of medical training – where they could receive support to experiment in sheltered environments. This professional residency might represent a policy milestone in the building of a continuum of teachers’ professional growth and development.

Meeting the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement requires a transformational change in our infrastructure systems. Given the long lifetime of infrastructure, there is an urgency to build more of the right type of it. The failure to do so will lock-in emissions for decades to come, or create stranded assets. This working paper aims to shed light on the extent to which current electricity generation projects under construction at the global level - the "pipeline" - are consistent with what a low-carbon transition requires.

This paper describes and evaluates the OECD methodology to estimate Air Emission Accounts (AEAs) for carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), in line with the System of Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA).

The large need for investments in sustainable infrastructure will require investments from the private sector, including institutional investors. This working paper contributes to scaling up investments by analysing public project-level interventions for projects involving institutional investors. It presents findings from an updated database on institutional investments in environmentally sustainable infrastructure with project-level intervention by the public sector.

As well as their direct effects on output and employment, the attraction of foreign direct investment is sometimes argued to provide further economic benefits through spillover effects that potentially increase the productivity performance of domestic firms. Empirical evidence on these indirect effects has however tended to be mixed. This paper uses Irish firm-level data on both manufacturing and services firms to re-examine and update evidence on intra-industry and intra-region spillovers and then extends the previous research by examining if spillovers are more likely to occur through supply chain linkages. In addition, we consider the heterogeneity of investors and allow the spillover effects to differ for foreign affiliates owned by EU and non-EU based parent companies. Finally, we examine the role of domestic firms’ absorptive capacity in conditioning the effects of spillovers from multinationals on their productivity. Overall, we find limited evidence or a negative link between the presence of foreign-owned firms and the productivity of domestic firms in the same industry or the same region. Examining forward and backward linkages through supply chains indicates that on average, selling to foreign-owned firms had a positive effect while buying from foreign owned firms had a negative effect on the average productivity of domestic firms. Finally, considering the absorptive capacity of domestic firms and allowing the spillover effects to differ depending on the origin of the parent companies, we find that the positive productivity spillovers come from supply chain linkages between domestic firms investing in R&D and foreign affiliates of multinationals with headquarters based outside the EU.

This paper provides estimates of the potential trade effects of an exit of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU) on exports and production at the sectoral level as well as GDP in the Netherlands. Owing to the high uncertainty regarding the final trade agreement between the negotiating parties, the choice has been made to assume a worst case outcome where trade relations between the United Kingdom and EU are governed by World Trade Organization (WTO) most favoured nation (MFN) rules. In doing so, it provides an upper bound estimate of the potential negative economic impact stemming from disruptions in trade. Any final trade agreement that would result in closer relationships between the United Kingdom and the EU could reduce this negative impact.
Simulations using the METRO model suggest that from an increase in tariff and non-tariff measures (NTM’s) Dutch exports to the UK would fall by 17% and GDP declines by 0.7% in the medium term compared to baseline. This effect is from the trade channel absent any change in foreign direct investment (FDI) or productivity. The Dutch agri-food sector would experience a 22% fall in its UK exports. There are some sectors that gain from the export opportunities provided by Brexit, notably financial services and transport.

Les élèves des établissements les plus performants obtiennent, en moyenne, des scores nettement supérieurs aux évaluations PISA à ceux de leurs pairs des établissements les moins performants. Certains aspects du climat de l’établissement, tels que le climat de discipline dans les cours de sciences, varient aussi sensiblement entre les établissements. Ces variations inter-établissements de la performance et du climat de discipline sont fortement liées aux différences de statut socio-économique de l’effectif d’élèves des établissements. En outre, les établissements où les enseignants sont plus expérimentés tendent à obtenir de meilleurs résultats aux évaluations PISA et présentent, en classe, un climat plus propice à l’apprentissage.