Variation in reading performance between systems, schools and students
The vertical structure of education systems
Students who had not attended pre-primary education, by schools’ socio-economic profile
Number of years in pre-primary education and reading performance
Age at entry into primary school, grade repetition and grade level
Grade repetition, socio-economic status and reading performance
Selected measures of vertical stratification, student performance and equity
Grade repetition and reading performance
Grade repetition and equity in reading performance
Pre-primary education and student performance