The rapid spread of information and communication technologies in the workplace
The march of the robots
International trade keeps rising
Many countries are ageing rapidly
Employment rates have been rising in recent decades
Jobs at risk of automation in OECD countries
The potential cost savings from using robots are significant in some emerging economies
The rapid growth of online work has recently slowed down
Temporary employment has risen in one half of OECD countries
Part-time employment has generally increased
Short part-time is on the rise in many countries
Self-employment is on a long-term downward trajectory
The decline of the manufacturing sector
The labour market is polarising
Real median wages have decoupled from labour productivity
Income inequality is growing rapidly
Labour markets are polarising in many emerging economies too
Job stability has decreased in the majority of countries after accounting for population ageing
The largest declines in job stability have occurred for low-educated workers
Job-to-job flows and transitions out of work differ significantly across the OECD
Involuntary separations show very different trends across countries
Men saw the largest increase in the risk of involuntary entry into unemployment
The majority of countries have seen increases in under-employment, but particularly those hit hardest by the crisis
Under-employment exhibits an increasing trend even after adjusting for the cycle
Under-employment is more common in service sectors
The young and those with low education have seen the largest increases in under-employment
Job polarisation explains a small part of the change in the share of middle-paid jobs
The probability of being in a high-paid job has declined across demographic groups
Young workers with middle education have seen a shift towards low-paid employment in many countries
Changes in the education wage premium across countries
The young with low and medium education suffered the largest increases in the probability of non-employment
Annex Figure 3.A.1. Change in adjusted tenure by country and level of education
Annex Figure 3.A.2. Young workers are more likely to be under-employed
Annex Figure 3.A.3. Change in under-employment by country and gender
Annex Figure 3.A.4. Jobs by occupation have continued to polarise between 2006 and 2016
Annex Figure 3.A.5. The risk of low pay has increased for employees with low and medium education in a number of countries
Annex Figure 3.A.6. Young workers have shifted more towards low pay than older ones in some countries
Annex Figure 3.A.7. The risk of being out of employment has risen most for youth who have left education
The incidence of own‑account workers who generally have one dominant client
Non-standard workers are underrepresented by trade unions
Trend in union density among youth aged 20‑34 in selected OECD countries
Individual values and support for collective action among young people
Trust and perceived necessity of trade unions among young people aged 20‑34
Annex Figure 5.A.1. Estimated trade union density for standard workers
Annex Figure 5.A.2. Non-standard workers in the private sector are also underrepresented by trade unions
Annex Figure 5.B.1. Trend in union density among youth aged 20‑34 in selected OECD countries
Annex Figure 5.B.2. Trust in trade unions
Annex Figure 5.B.3. Perceived necessity and trust in trade unions
Risk of automation and skill content of jobs, OECD average
Trends in skill shortages and surpluses, OECD unweighted average, 2004-17
Share of workers in changing workplaces, 2015
Organisational change and changing skill needs, EU countries
Participation in job-related training by group, OECD average
Willingness to train by group, OECD average
Reasons for not training by group, OECD average
Training provision by firm size, EU28, 2005-15
Reasons for not providing training or limiting training provision, by firm size, EU 28
Adults’ participation in training, by industry
Differences in training participation and willingness to train between low and high-skilled adults, by country, 2012, 2015
Reasons why the low-skilled do not train, by country
Differences in training participation and willingness to train between temporary and full-time permanent workers, by country, 2012, 2015
Reasons why temporary workers do not train, by country
Differences in training participation and willingness to train between own‑account workers and full-time permanent employees, by country, 2012, 2015
Reasons why own-account workers do not participate in training, by country
Differences in training participation and willingness to train between young and older adults, by country, 2012, 2015
Reasons why older adults do not participate in training, by country
Employment requirements for unemployment benefits range from 3 to 24 months
Statutory access for independent workers is often limited
Pension provisions for workers with unstable careers vary widely across countries
Only a minority of jobseekers receive unemployment benefits
Non‑standard workers receive little support in some countries
Support gaps can be sizeable for the self‑employed
In some countries, only a minority of jobseekers are in regular contact with the public employment service
Very high marginal effective tax rates can discourage people from working longer hours
Non‑wage labour costs vary substantially across contractual arrangements